Engine Management Essay Example for Free

locomotive engine Management EssayEngine Management System ensure that locomotive locomotives run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no livelihood. Two basic functions performed by an EMS (1) to meter discharge to the locomotive engine in the right quantity and (2) to provide a spark at the right clock time.An EMS is a self contained custom make computer which controls the running of an engine by monitoring the engine stop number, load and temperature and providing the firing spark at the right time for the prevailing conditions and metering the fuel to the engine in the exact quantity required. on that point are two discrete sub schemas in operation within the EMSThe fuel or injection system andThe ignition system.When the engine is running its requirements for fuel and ignition timing give transform according to certain engine conditions, the main two being engine move and engine loa d. This Map injection gives the appropriate fuel or timing setting for each realistic speed and load condition. thither allow for normally be a map for the injector timings (fuel map) and a separate map for the ignition timing settings (ignition map) within the EMS. Each map has entries for a pre-determined range of engine speeds (called speed sites) and a predetermined range of engine load conditions (called load sites), which generally indicate how far open(a) the throttle is.The EMS k without delays the engine speed (derived from the crank sensing element or distributor pickup) and the engine load (from the Throttle Position Sensor or airflow meter) and result use these two values to look-up the appropriate fuel and timing settings in each map. If the current engine teleme accent falls surrounded by the sites in the map then the value is interpolated surrounded by the nearest two sites. ordinarily there will be speed sites every 500 or so RPM and 8 to 16 load sites betwee n closed and open throttle. In the example below speed sites are spaced every 1000-RPM and the eight load sites are numbered 0 to 7.An all-new line of V6 engines, with more horsepower, powers the 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and more mature technology than before. The lavishness models feature a high-tech s even off-speed automatic contagion, and the C350 Luxury sedan has the classic Mercedes balance of ride quality and use. The line also includes drama models for those who want a sportier jabbingway experience. Inside, the C-Class cars look and feel like a Mercedes-Benz, with firm, supportive seats and mostly high-quality materials. The C-Class delivers Mercedes engineering and safety technology, with optional all- turn over-drive that will alter traction in wet or wintry conditions.New engines for 2006 complement the substantial C-Class updates made just a year ago. Mercedes redesigned the C-Class inner for 2005, freshened the exterior styling and barely distinguished the sport models from the standard luxury sedans. A new six-speed manual transmission greatly ameliorate alter action. New paint technology imbeds microscopical ceramic flakes in the clear coat finish, increase its resistance to chipping and degradation over time. Aerodynamically, the C-Class cars are among the most efficient in the Mercedes-Benz family. The C-Class boasts a blow up coefficient of 0.27, which helps minimize wind noise and improves fuel efficiency.Interior FeaturesThe C-Class interior looks like the inside of a Mercedes-Benz should, and for the most part, it feels that way, too. A model re-alignment for 2006 has increased the level of luxury in the least expensive models. Fabric upholstery and manually operated seats can no longer be found in the C-Class line. The C-Class got a thorough interior re-do for the 2005 model year so the 2006 models benefit from that.The dashboard, instruments and seats were redesigned, and materials were revised throughout. The instrument cluster now features four gauges, with a chromed-ringed tachometer and speedometer of identical size sitting front and center. To the left and right of these are smaller fuel and temperature gauges. In the middle sits an LCD display with various system and trip functions. forge in the mold of the larger Mercedes E-Class, the instrument cluster is deeply hooded and virtually eliminates glare on the dials. The backlit script is clear and easy to read.Audio controls are now located in what we consider the optimal spot above the climate control switches, which sit at the bottom of the stack. Both audio and climate knobs are large and easy to locate. The switchgear is, for the most part, easy to use and understand. The stalk controls take a crap a beefy feel with positive detents.Redundant buttons on the steering wheel let the device driver operate the audio and telephone functions without removing a hand from the wheel. Lighting inside is effective, with good illumination for entry in the dark and pure map agilitys for reading. The C-Class glove box is a good size, unless(prenominal) you order the CD changer, in which case you lose most of its storage space. In general, the C-Class sedans are signed with good-quality interior materials.Driving ImpressionsThe 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedans have been improved across the board, thanks to a new family of V6 engines. The least powerful of the new C-Class engines, the 2.5-liter V6 in the C230 Sport sedan, rated at 201 horsepower, offers more power than the supercharged four-cylinder engine it replaces. As important, it is far smoother at all speeds and generally, fewer courses in feel, sound or the amount of vibration it generates. The 228-hp 3.0-liter V6 in the C280 Luxury sedan is a good deal more powerful and satisfying than the anemic 2.6-liter V6 in the 2005 C240 (previously the best selling C-Class).Even the biggest V6, which was our favorite engine on the 2005 models, is much kick downstairs for 2006 . The 3.5-liter V6 in the C350 generates 268 horsepower, 20 percent more than the 3.2 in the 2005 C320, which improves acceleration performance considerably. Matched with either the six-speed manual or the high-tech seven-speed automatic, the new engine makes the C350 more responsive than the 2005 C320. The 3.5-liter V6 has fully variable valve timing to deliver an impressive amount of torque from idle all the way to the red line.The C350 responds more immediately than the C320, no matter how fast it is already traveling when the driver presses the accelerator. The new engine is also billably smoother, particularly at high rpm. In addition, thanks the seven-speed automatic, the improved performance comes without a corresponding decrease in fuel mileage.All of the C-Class cars offer nice steering, effective brakes and a good balance between ride and handling. Before choosing between a Luxury or Sport model, C-Class buyers should carefully consider whether a smooth ride or sharper ha ndling is preferred because the trade-off between comfort and reception changes with the model. The Sport models are more firmly sprung than the standard Luxury models.All C-Class models are quiet inside, even when blasting along at 80 mph. These sedans are aerodynamically slippery cars, and very little wind noise penetrates the cabin.As mentioned, the C-Class offers a choice of transmissions. The seven-speed automatic that comes on the C280 and C350 Luxury sedans is superior to five-speed automatics that come on most cars (to say nothing of an old-fashioned four-speed automatic). With more gears, it offers better acceleration performance and responsiveness around townsfolk as well as enhanced fuel efficiency.Gear changes are barely noticeable in normal driving, especially in the higher(prenominal) gears. This transmission allows significantly quicker acceleration for highway passing situations, and it does not have to go through every gear. Step on the gas and the transmission wi ll skip down to the appropriate gear, switching from seventh to fifth, for example, and from there directly to third, meaning two downshifts instead of four.As for the manual transmission, Mercedes has lowered the ratio for root gear for quicker acceleration off the line, but kept an overdrive sixth gear for quiet, low-rev highway cruising and better fuel economy. More important, the old cable-operated shift mechanism has been replaced by a solid, direct rod.The result is easier, quicker and more precise shifting, and the improved action contributes greatly to a more rewarding, engaging driving experience. Shift effort is low, and the gears are easier to hit. For manual fans, we can heartily recommend the C230 Sport sedan. If you prefer an automatic but want a Sport model, we advocate you to step up to the C350 Sport sedan with the optional automatic.The optional 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system delivers power to all four wheels. It is fully automatic and on all the time, so there ar e no buttons to push and no special knowledge is gather uped just drive the car. The system uses electronic traction control to vary torque each of the four wheels, diverting power to the degenerates with the best grip. Even if three wheels lose traction, 4MATIC can direct power to the one remaining tire with grip. The result is better stability and improved handling in slippery conditions, with a greatly reduced chance of being stuck. 4MATIC does dampen engine response and slow acceleration slightly, and lowers fuel mileage a bit.However, for those who drive through harsh winters, all-wheel drive is expense it. All-wheel-drive sedans such as the C-Class are proof that you do not need an SUV to confidently handle rough weather. In fact, a car tends to handle better in icy conditions than a truck. We consider all-wheel drive a valuable asset in the rainy Northwest or for the harsh winters of the Midwest and Northeast, and 4MATIC is priced much lower on the C-Class models than it i s on other Mercedes models.Braking is excellent. either C-Class model has good-sized brake rotors, and the Sport sedans feature cross-drilled rotors in front for better resistance to fade. (Braking effectiveness fades away as brakes get hot from reiterate hard use.) All C-Class cars come with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist.EBD can reduce stopping distances and improve stability when braking by distributing brake pressure between the front and rear wheels, giving more to the tires that are gripping best. Break Assist senses a panic-braking situation and helps ensure full braking force even if the driver makes the mis bribe of relaxing pressure on the brake pedal. The net effect is short, no-fuss stopping. In everyday use, the C-Class brakes are progressive in pedal feel.The C55 AMG readiness be the most impressive C-Class yet. It is a sports sedan in the extreme sense, capable of amazing acceleration, and handling and braking on par with exotic sports c ars. It is capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in an exotic-grade 4.9 seconds, according to Mercedes. The old C32 was super quick, too, but the C55 is less crude and more refined. Its big V8 engine is smoother, more tractable and less intrusive when a driver is cruising the freeway or just trundling along, and its deep, V8 exhaust note better suits the sportiest C-Class of all.How to maintain the engine of a carIf we will take one look, wherefore cars break down? We can see several things. Sometimes cars start having problems after accidents. Sometimes it whitethorn be a manufacturing plant defect or design flaw. Heavy conditions like, for example, driving only short trips without letting the engine to warm up fully also make the engine life shorter. Corrosion is another factor for example, park the car for a few months in place with high humidity and later it will probably have more problems than the vehicle driven all this time on daily basis. One of the most reasons for a car to break down is maintenance. There are important remainders to maintain the car in good shape. A regular cover change may keep engine running, avoid heat the engine, changing spark plug, air slabber, timing strike and other items from maintenance schedule may save from money. Fixing a small problem will avoid a serious damage in your car.Engine Oil ChangeRegular inunct change is very important in maintaining a car. Engine embrocate has limited life after a certain point, it starts losing lubricating qualities and carbonizes. Once it happens, the engine is contaminated with carbon deposits or sludge that significantly shorten engines life. When you change oil at or before manufacturer suggested interval, you change the oil before this carbonizing point, engine remains clean and once refilled with new oil ready to work hard again. If the engine oil has not been changed for long, carbon deposits start clogging the oil pick-up screen decreasing oil supply and increasing fri ction.Through the engine ventilation system the same carbon, deposits build up inside the throttle body and EGR system cause rough idle and possible check engine light. Compression decreases and engine start wearing much faster. If you do not remember when you changed the oil in your car last time just check the oil on the dipstick. Moreover, every time you change the oil, the oil filter should be replaced as well. For correct oil type, engine oil capacity, maintenance schedule, etc. check your car owners manual or find car technical information.B. Checking the engine oilCheck the engine oil at least once a month or even more if the car has a mileage. Driving with extremely low oil level (less than min.) or with low oil pressure warning lamp on may cause serious engine damage. Have your engine be inspected as soon as possible if the oil pressure gauge indicates extremely low oil pressure. Always use the appropriate engine oil type. Change the oil if you notice that the color is bl ack. Check your parking space for leaks. If you find any, fix it before it results in more serious vehicle problemConcerning the type of oil that you will use there are a comparison with synthetic oil and conventional mineral oil. The advantage of synthetic oil is that it can withstand higher temperature and can work longer without losing its lubricating qualities. It does not get thicker at below-zero temperatures providing good engine lubrication at a cold start. However, since it is more thinner a high-mileage engine filled with synthetic oil will more likely to develop leaks and you will more likely to hear lifters tapping noise at a start.Therefore, If you have low mileage or turbo engine and driving under heavy conditions such as high temperature, excessive load, long intervals without an oil change, etc., or only want to provide extra protection for your engine, synthetic oil may be a good solution. nevertheless, I do not think it is worth to use synthetic oil in high-mileag e engines thicker mineral oil will provide better protection as long as you change it regularly.C. Engine cooling systemEngine overheating causes serious engine damage. In order to avoid the engine overheating Check the coolant level periodically. It should be at least at the min mark in the coolant reservoir. If it is lower, add the coolant bringing the level to the max mark. Avoid coolant leak it may cause an engine overheating. The engine temperature start rising higher than the normal, have your engine inspected. Check the front of the radiator sometimes it may be obstructed with leaves or dust. It is one of the possible reasons for the overheating. Never open the radiator or the coolant overflow reservoir when engine is hotTune up, Timing Belt, Fuel Injector flushThere are certain vehicle components that need periodical replacement such asThe fuel filter-dirty fuel filter may cause engine stalling and loss of engine power.Air filter dirty air filter causes loss of engine powe r, increased fuel consumption, airflow sensor failure, etc. Engine coolant old engine coolant loses its anti-corrosive and other characteristics and may cause water pump to fail. Spark plugs simply spark plugs replacement can significantly improve the engine performance. Timing belt timing belt failure may cause serious engine damage, especially if its diesel engine. BatteryThe battery filled with harmful acid solution and can stupefy explosive gases. Handling a battery be careful and always use protective glasses and gloves. Do not use open fire, smoke, or create a spark near battery. Most of batteries nowadays are maintenance free.All you check is battery terminals that should not be loose or corroded. Corroded battery terminals will cause all kind of problem blinking instrument lights, low charge, no-start, dim headlights, check engine and ABS malfunction light etc. If you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage replace the battery. Acid leaking from the battery destr oys everything underneath.If there is any problems with your engine, such as irregular noise or smell, or performance problems, leaks or smoke, or check engine light is on, etc., have your car inspected with a mechanic. It is always better to fix any small problem right away before they can cause engine damage. Be aware, some mechanics will try to scare you because they always want to sell you more job than your car really needs, so always ask to explain everything, to show you what exactly is aggrieve and why.For vehicles with turbocharger, the Turbocharger serves to pump more air into the engine boosting engine power without increasing the engine volume. This turbo charger works at a very high temperature that why it requires a quality engine oil. Low quality, or old contaminated oil can be easily cooked under high temperature in the turbocharger ca utilise it to fail.Here are some considerations1. If it is not against manufacturer recommendations, use synthetic oil, or at least be very accurate with regular oil changes.2. When you stop the car after hard driving (speeding, accelerating, etc.) do not shut the engine off right away, let it idle for a succession to cool down the turbocharger.3. Very long uphill driving under constant load may also cause turbo to overheat, try to avoid it if possible.There are few tips on how to improve the emission test result.1. Change oil before testing. For old or high mileage car using thicker oil may help.2. Change spark plugs and air filter if it was a while ago since you have changed them last time. Complete tune-up may be an option for older cars.3. Flushing the fuel injectors usually help.Before conducting the test you must check and adjust the tire pressure, fill the car with premium gas. Take a car for a spin on a freeway it helps to clean spark plugs and catalytic converter and make sure, the engine is fully warmed up before test. If you have check engine light on, exhaust leaks, broken gas cap, or any other pro blem with vehicle emission system it needs to be repaired before the test all those items will be inspected during the emission test.ReferenceSamarins.com Illustrated guide to car buyers and owners. (2006)Few tips on engine maintenance http//www.samarins.com/maintenance/engmain.htmlAol.com (2006) Engine Management.http//members.aol.com/dvandrews/ems.htmtopicsAuto Mall USA (2006) Mercedes Benz C-Classhttp//www.automallusa.net/1996/mercedes-benz/e-class/reviews.htmlHorst Bauer (2004)Diesel Engine Management Robert Bosch GmbH p.9Horst Bauer (2004)Gasoline Engine Management Robert Bosch GmbH p.9Hutchinson Education. (2004) Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics V. A. W. Hillier 1987,1996

Hurricane Sandy Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Sandy EssayHurricane Sandy was considered a super violent storm that wreaked havoc on the eastbound coast, in the US. Hurricane Sandy was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, as well as the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane in history, only surpassed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Hurricane Sandy formed on Oct. 22 and started to dissipate Oct. 31, 2012. The eighteenth named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Sandy devastated portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October 2012. The Caribbeans were the first nursing home to be hit, by devastating hurricane Sandy. After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island. ahead of time on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued. At 3 p.m. the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti. By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning. In the US, New York was probably one of the most populated places devastated by Hurricane Sandy. Every single airliner in the state of New York was omit down due to the extremely heavy rains and strong winds. All airliners and railroad systems were shut down on October 27 all the way until Nov. 2. New York urban center mayor had no need to close down any schools or transits because he felt there was no need to. Until October 28, he realized the insensibility of the storm and made a public announcement shutting down all transits and school classes. Hurricane Sandy is estimated to have caused around $20 billion dollars in damage.Preliminary estimates of losses in businesses are around $50 billion. At least 191 hatful were killed by hurricane Sandys pa th through 7 different countries. Many organizations have contributed to the hurricane relief pitcher effort. DisneyABC Television Group held a Day of Giving on Monday, November 5, raising $17 million on their television stations for the American Red Cross. NBC raised $23 million during their Hurricane Sandy Coming Together telethon. News Corporation donated $1 million to relief efforts in the New York metropolitan area. The United Nations and World Food Program said they will send humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba.

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Example for Free

The all important(p) elements of gothic detestation EssayGothic horror first started to appear in the early C19th. Gothic was applied later on by renaissance and enlightenment negatively to mean medieval critics because it was considered barbaric. As the centuries went past the term gothic was no longer the meaning of a negative connotation so it was used to refer an ancient past in a nostalgic way. At the end of the C18th the gothic movement had changed from enlightenment rationalism to horror, darkness and elements from the dark realm. The gothic movement is still but generally horror. Common motifs used in gothic horror stories are murder, suicide, torture, madness, lycanthropy, ghosts, vampires, demons, poltergeists, demonic pacts, diabolic possession/ exorcism, witchcraft and voodoo. Im going to analyse Napoleon and the spectre, The goblins who stole a sexton and The signalman. Napoleon and the spectre is written by Charlotte Bronte, the goblins who stole a sexton and the signalman are both written by Charles Dickens.At the starting blockage of the Napoleon and the Spectre story Bronte already mentions that theres something or someone in Napoleons room she writes . in a few minutes the emperor felt his perch becoming hard, and he got up to shake it. As he did so a slight rustling noise was heard near the bed-head. But it moolah as Napoleon lies down. This indicates that a ghost is in the room and the mysterious noises also indicate that the presence of a ghost is possible.Ghosts and mysterious noises are crucial elements of gothic horror because theyre inhumane things so people are scared of them and mysterious noises are linked to ghosts, ghosts are one of the common motifs used in gothic horror. Napoleon responds to a deep groan from a closet in the corner of the apartment by crying Whos there? Speak or Ill blow your brains step up. A short sharp laugh is the reply to this threat and a dead silence follows. Again this indicates that there is a spectral presence and the dead silence is a crucial gothic element because this creates tension.When Napoleon opens the closet other rustling noise was heard but nonentity was there, also indicates a ghostly presence. Bronte is describing ghostly effects. When the candlelight is obscured by a black opaque shadow another gothic element (darkness) is brought in. Darkness is another crucial gothic element because some of the common motifs used in gothic horror are associated with darkness such as vampires they come out at night, witchcraft witches wear black clothes etc.

Developing Consumerism through Design

Developing Consumerism through DesignConsumerismAll over the place, from the popular culture to the propaganda system, there is never-ending pressure to make commonwealth feel that they be helpless, that the only role they can have is to ratify decisions and to consume.Consumerism is a way of life and an ideology which is actual further by mass phenomenon. In capital of Singapore, consumerism has become very much a way of life with the popular Great Singapore Sale, major IT Exhibitions, eternal discounts in most retail outlets nations wide and many delicious restaurants with culture involved. Thus, it is important for us to recognize the value of consumerism that is within and around us. People are consuming in different aspects, and solid nutrition Beverage is taking a big part in the society. However, batch need to consume, people consume in any case because of the thousands of protrudeed space which attract them to go and explore more for their life. In a nonher word, co nsumerism is becoming design driven. According to dictionary, the meaning of consumerism is that the movement seeking to treasure and inform consumers by requiring such practices as h adeptst packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards the theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial and attachment to materialistic values or possessions deplored the rampant consumerism of contemporary society.Consumerism is known as an action where people purchase goods, which are more than inevitable for their lives, but it can affect more than buying habits and personal and family life. Some cartridge clips, it may even make people less aware of their own emotional reactions, as they seek to buy yet another item that volition distract them. On the other hand, consumerism also keeps people up-to-date and modern as consumerism globalized.In fact, consumerism has been around human civilization at the kickoff place. It had a g reat turn in consumerism arrived just before the Industrial Revolution.In 21st century, consumerism is one of the arguments of scientists, and researchers, they try to find out how and why do people waste money in such expensive things, such as clothing, electronic items, cars, scientific devices etc. One of many reasons that makes consumer spend lots of money for their consumption is advertisement. According to research, Billions of companies throw their commercials into securities industry as many ways as they can. They will show their brand names on TV, magazines, in movie theaters, malls etc. To attract consumer, companies have million ways to entice people by advertising. If a company wants people know approximately its name or products, they then try to make an attractive poster or a nice knave in magazine to advertise their products to the public. Containing a nice explicit picture and attractive colors, the poster is made to send an implicit message -the key- to consumer s this key convinces people to buy products. This has become a trend internationally. Indeed, a company advertised themselves is a way of designing themselves looks better and sounds greater to sell the product.From a design perspective, will a good design bring more consumers to the place? The answer is definitely yes.Designing a place is designing an experience, and how to leave people with a memory. It is the atmosphere that provides for the customers, which has a significant impact on them, and make them want to come back and hang out.Moreover, consumerism is not only happened in the air world as motioned before, Consumerism is also applied for other industries as well. For Singapore, tourism and food beverage are the most important industry which makes the income for the whole country. Food beverage industry is the basic needs for people, how good the basic industry is, and it reflects how well the country has developed. In another world, the fundamental shows all. However, food beverage is not lonely the food and drinks, it is a place where provides the feel of gathering the atmosphere and the environment which design dress them up together. For some of Singaporeans, they consume on food beverage as a lifestyle to eat fine food at well designed restaurants.Based on research from Singapore touristry Board, the busy life that Singaporeans have, the among of tourists come to Singapore keep growing year by year and the mixed culture background, all of these determine that there is a demand to open more fine dining restaurants. Singapore especially has a strong influence of western culture, the percentage of Singaporeans who drink vino has big(a) over 214 present during last 10 years, so that it is a potential to open a wine shop here as well. .As a result, the proposal for the Utopia project is to design a wine appreciation club and fine dining restaurant which aims to add on more value to the Singapore society, to adopt a wine culture to Singaporean s. According to the chosen site at South beach building which is located at the CBD area, the target market would be businessmen, tourists and local Singaporeans. The design intention is to create a space which carries the knowledge about the wine culture, the process of making wine and history of wine etc.The design concept is based on the process of making wine, the iii key paces are harvest, crushing and ageing. The idea behind these three key words is that harvest is a place to gather people and collection of grapes, it will become the reception and welcoming place at first when people get into the space following by the crushing step, it is translated to the whole design language of the entire space, after reaching welcoming space, the crushing step forms a wine process gallery, normally, a gallery should be open and big space, yet in this case, in order to feel more about the crushing step of winemaking process, the space is designed to be narrow and low-volume space Now age ing, this key word is designed as a voyage in the space, why? The reason is ageing is a matter of time, a space that is changing or transforming like the wine making process, from grapes to wine, form mark to alcohol As people walking in the space, the space is able to speak and lead people through the designed journey. The space will be changing in term of volume, proportion, scale, lighting and different materials of the space.Through designing the space to bring peoples attention and draw people into the place to purchase and enjoy, it is a way of consumerism. Indeed, consumers come to the place not only to dine, but to also engage with new things, to experience the space, to add on value to them, to spend time with friends in the atmosphere of wine knowledge. Leave a wonderful memory to the consumers.

Nutrition During Pregnancy | Annotated Bibliography

Nutrition During Pregnancy Annotated Bibliography Geraldine OSullivan, et al (2009) did this study to investigate the effect of feeding during labour on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Prospective randomize controlled trial was used as design in this study. Setting of this study was at Birth centre in London teaching hospital. 2426 nulliparous, non-diabetic women at term, with a singleton cephalic presenting fetus and in labour with a cervical dilatation of less than 6 cm. were participants. In this study they provide light diet or water during labour and they measure the outcome of spontaneous vaginal speech communication rate. Other outcomes measured included during this duration of labour, was need for augmentation of labour, instrumental and caes bean delivery rates, incidence of vomiting, and neonatal outcome. Result was the spontaneous vaginal delivery rate was the same in both groups (44% relative insecurity 0.99, 95% authorisation interval 0.90 to 1.08). No clinically important differences were set up during duration of labour (geometric mean eating, 597 min v water, 612 min ratio of geometric means 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.03), the caesarean delivery rate (30% v 30% relative risk 0.99, 0.87 to 1.12), or the incidence of vomiting (35% v 34% relative risk 1.05, 0.9 to 1.2).Outcomes of neonatal were also similarHazel M Inskip et al (2009) conducted this to examine the extent to which women planning a maternity completely with recommendations for nutrition and life style .Design was used for this study were prospective cohort study. Setting was at Southampton, United Kingdom. Participants are 445 non-pregnant women aged 20-34 recruited to the Southampton Womens Survey through general practices, 238 of whom became pregnant at heart three months of being interviewed. Result was the 238 women who became pregnant within three months of the interview were only marginally more likely to completely with recommendations for those planning a pregnancy than those who did not become pregnant in this period. Among those who became pregnant, 2.9% were taking 400 g or more of folic acid supplements a day and drinking four or few units of alcohol a week, matchd with of those who did not become pregnant. 74% of those who became antenatal mothers were non-smokers compared with 69% of those who did not become antenatal mother (P=0.08). Women in both groups were every bit likely to consume five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day (53% in each group, P=1.0), but only 57% of those who became antenatal mothers had interpreted any strenuous exercise in the past three months compared with 64% in those who did not become antenatal mothers (P=0.03).Concluded the study as only a small proportion of women planning a pregnancy follow the recommendations for nutritional diet and lifestyle. Greater publicity for the recommendations is also needed, but as many pregnancies are unplanned, improved nutritional diet and lifestyle s of women of childbearing age is also required.Alison M. Stuebe,(2009) e tal did this study to identify modifiable risk factors for undue gestational weight watch (GWG). Project Viva cohort study was used as a design. In this study they assessed associations of diet and physical activity with excessive GWG among 1388 women. Three c seventy-nine women (27%) were overweight (body mass index 26 kg/m2) and 703 (51%) experienced excessive GWG, according to Institute of Medicine guidelines. In multivariable logistic regression models, they found that intake of total energy (odds ratio OR, 1.10 95% confidence interval CI, 1.00-1.22, per 500 kcal/d), dairy (OR, 1.08 95% CI, 1.00-1.17, per serving per day), and fried foods (OR, 3.47 95% CI, 0.91-13.24, per serving per day) were associated with excessive GWG. In first trimester vegetarian diet (OR, 0.46 95% CI, 0.28-0.78) and mid pregnancy walking (OR, 0.92 95% CI, 0.83-1.01, per 30 minutes per day) and vigorous physical activity (OR, 0. 76 95% CI, 0.60-0.97, per 30 minutes per day) were inversely associated with excessive GWG.Hannah Tait Neufeld et al. (2008) did this study to describe how aboriginal women in an urban setting perceive dietary treatment recommendations associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Design used was Semi-structured explanatory model interviews explored Aboriginal womens illness experiences with GD. Twenty-nine self-declared Aboriginal women who had received a diagnosis of GDM were participated .Result was participants associated fear, anxiety, and frustration with GDM. Emotional reactions appeared alongside negative relationships with food and other prescribe in lifestyle treatments. Results suggested that the experience of living with GDM can be overwhelming, as suggested by some of the complex factors influencing womens perceptions and reported behaviors. Discussions indicated that many felt socially discriminate and had a poor self-image and sense of failure resulting from i neffective management GDM of practices.Penelope McLernon et al (2008) did this study. In this study, one of the most prevalent complications of pregnancy is asthma attack which is associated with an increase incidence of intrauterine growth restriction. The mechanisms that affect fetal development in pregnancies complicated by asthma were not clearly defined. Dietary fatty acids (FA) particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are particularly important during pregnancy due to their role in fetal growth and other development. The current study was designed to characterize the fatty acid profile in pregnant women with asthma to determine whether asthma severity or reduced fetal growth were associated with an neutered FA profile. Maternal dietary intake and plasma fatty acid profile were examined in mother with and without asthma at 18, 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and maternal fatty acids levels were related to measures of fetal growth using Doppler ultrasound and birth outco mes. This was used as a method for data collection. Results of this was that pregnant women with moderate and inexorable asthma had increased circulating plasma fatty acid levels at 36 weeks gestation but reduced dietary intake of fats compared to those women with mild asthma and healthy pregnant controls. In addition, women with moderate and severe asthma had increased circulating levels at 36 weeks gestation which was associated with reduced fetal and neonatal precede circumference.Ruth M. McManus, (2007) et al did this study to compare the associated costs of actual food choices versus the cost of a constructed recommended diet. In this study costs associated with nutritious foods may be a barrier to healthy dietary choices and of particular concern to pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Survey was conducted in a tertiary care diabetes and pregnancy clinic to compare the associated costs of actual food choices versus the cost of a constructed recommended diet. Method which use d this study was women with fibers 1, 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) completed 24-hour dietary recalls under the supervision of the interrogation coordinator (Actual Diet). Recommended Diet for this population was constructed independent of responses of participants. Actual and Recommended Diets were standardized per 2000 kcal, priced and compared for content and cost of diet. Result was Seventy-five women participated 27 with GDM, 29 with type 1 diabetes and 19 with type 2 diabetes. There were no significant cost differences between Recommended and Actual Diets .Food choices expressed per 2000 kcal Recommended Diet $10.143.72 Actual Diet GDM $11.303.88 Actual Diet of type 1 diabetes $9.003.16 Actual Diet of type 2 diabetes $10.243.92. Percentage of fiber intake was lower for Actual Diets than Recommended Diet for all, while percentage of protein intake was lower in Actual than Recommended Diet for women in type 1 diabetes.

Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay

Factors That Influence Household And Individual nutrient Consumption Economics EssayThis paper identifies the factors that influence the kinsperson and individual food using up. Since food is the most big item of the inhalant basket, an analysis of the sorts in food wasting disease regulation over time has a special significance which is the most in-chief(postnominal) component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure recipe is an excellent indicant of sparing surface world of people. Economic Development is not only brings about significant mixed bags in the socio- scotch and heathen solicitudeer of a habitant population but it in like manner influences the levels of bread and butter in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence.Keyword -Expenditure, Consumption dominions, Food Consumption and Household Consumer Expenditure, Facto rs affecting food consumption pattern.IntroductionThe analysis of changing food consumption pattern over time would help in designing appropriate policies colligate to food production and distribution .Increasing number of working women, rise in per capita income, changing lifestyles and increasing level of affluence in the middle income group brace also brought about changes in food habits. Rapid urbanization and sociological changes like the desire on the part of the housewives to authorise less time in kitchen, the maturationd value for leisure, weakening of family ties, increased impact of television and its advertisement as well as changing life styles of the families, lose brought about the changes in food consumption pattern. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special significance which is the most important component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure pat tern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. If the society is wealthy proportionately high expenditure will be made on secondary necessities, comfort, luxury products and glaring consumption. On the other, if the society is at subsistence level, people will spend proportionately more on food. Engels law also states that the poorer the family, the greater is the proportion of its total income stipulation over to provision of food.Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. c solelyable to variations in natural resources endowments physical and climatic conditions economic factors like income, prices and the expiration of magnetization demographic factors like res t home size and degree of urbanization and cultural factors are likely to influence consumption expenditure pattern. Such diverse socio-economic, demographic and cultural factors are reflected in the inequality in the distribution of consumption expenditure as it is revealed by the national sample survey organization data on consumption expenditure in India.Food consumption has been a subject of research all over the world. It is specially meaningful in developing countries where food expenditure accounts for a relatively large share of household income. Studies on food consumption shed light on food related nutritional policies. They provide estimates of how food consumption is affected by change in prices, income and taxation policies ( Dune and Edkins 2005)The studies on food consumption pattern or expenditure pattern are very important as it is related to beggary and standard of our society. Food being the foremost basic need loafs the priority in the expenditure of people, e specially the poor classes. It is necessary to take away the change in food consumption pattern under the changing situation of liberalization, privatization and globalization.After liberalization began in 1991, though much attention has been paid to the step-down in head count ratio, less priority have been accorded to the magnitude and pattern of food consumption. Ray and Lancaster (2005) have recently shown that the link had weakened to the extent that the official poverty line in India today is quite out of step with that based on the household minimum calorie requirements. This necessitates an analysis on the magnitude and trend in food consumption, especially cereals, over the reform period in India, in view of their strong implications for food and nutrition securities. This study provides evidence on the magnitude and patterns in food consumption status of both clownish and urban population.There is a strong indication that overture in the levels of living might not have been distributed well and definite pockets of the states might have remained impoverished in spite of their overall fruit. While studies erupt on the consumption expenditure among rural and urban households for various expenditure classes at macro level, very few studies have been done at little level to explain the rural urban differences in the consumption pattern.Per capita income and food consumption both are the indicators of valet de chambre development but food consumption is a better indicator of human welfare. Indias faster economic growth over 1990s has raised per capita income (expenditure) and has significantly impacted its food consumption patterns by causing a change in the structure of food consumption patterns observed earlier during pre-reforms period. This raises the relevance of looking at the composition of Indias food consumption basket. Changes in the composition of food consumption expenditure during the 1990s, including the shift from cereals to non-ce real items against the backg turn of a decline in food expenditure share, occurred right across the growth spectrum and raise the issue of the nutritional implications of food items particularly during post-reforms period.PurposeThe purpose of this study of the literature was to run across which factors influence household and individual food consumption. belles-lettres ReviewNumerous studies have been made in recent years on the trends of poverty, inequality and level of living in Indian states during the 1990s. Some have highlighted the reduction in poverty (Sundaram and Tendulkar 2003 Bhanumurthy and Mitra 2004), while some others have expressed anguish over the rising economic inequality (Deaton and Dreze, 2002 Sen and Himanshu, 2004 Krishna, 2004).There is a common disembodied spirit that although there has been some overall improvement in the average levels of living of people across the majority of states, those who were already on a better priming coat could reap the adva ntages of the economic reforms in the 90s and experience faster growth, while there was no tangible improvement for the poorest few. Again, the rural -urban expenditure gap, believed to have widened overtime, needs meticulous scrutiny.Campbell (1960) conducted a survey and had given a comparison surrounded by older persons and younger persons at identical income level. Younger people, at all income level, spend more on clothing, furniture and miscellaneous items than older people but less on medical care. David (1962) studies revealed that the size of the family and frequency of purchasing durables, kinds of durable purchased and the substitution of durables for commercial services hampers the consumption pattern of households. Chatterjee (1962) on the basis on NSS consumption expenditure data for rural and urban areas and hexad zones has been estimated for elasticities on expenditures on food.Gupta(1968) has compared the differences in overall consumption patterns in the state o f UP and Tamil Nadu for the reason of their known and distinct economic , social and cultural differences .The study has concluded that there exist significant differences in consumer expenditure on various categories of item in those states in general as well as also between rural and urban regions in each of two states.Kwang (1972) had analyzed the effect of income as well as other economic and social demographic characteristics on households consumption expenditure significantly among different groups. Chatterjee Bhattacharya(1972) have constructed indices of consumer price differential between the rural areas of different states of India with NSS 18th round data. Rao(1977), in her study has tried to identify some measures at development in order to identify backward regions and subsequently to examine the trends in lay to rest regional and inter sectoral disparities in India.The study by Sarkar(1983) based on NSS consumer expenditure data for 13,16,21 28 rounds supports the h ypothesis that level of living and expenditure pattern differs over the states. Kumar and Aggarwal (2004) determined the extent of poverty in Delhi slums through consumption patterns, employment and educational status of the slum population.FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD CONSUMPTIONIncomeIncome is an important means of widening the range of consumption options, especially as economies around the world become increasingly monetized. Income gives people the ability to buy diverse, nutritious foods sooner of eating only their own crops, to pay for motorized transport instead of walking, to pay for health care and education for their families, to pay for water from a knap instead of walking for many hours to collect it from a well. The increasing dependence of much consumption on private income means that changes in income have a dominant influence on changes in consumption. When incomes rise steadily consumption rises for most of the population. But for the same reason, when incomes dec line, consumption also falls sharply, with devastating consequences for human well being.Demographic CharacteristicsThe demographic characteristics have an important bearing on the level of income, consumption expenditure and saving of the society. Features like rate of growth of population, educational level of the head of the household and other members, the age of the members of the household, the size of the family are some of the factors which have a direct effect on the saving of the community, especially in the rural areas. According to Leff (1969) this factor as a determinant of saving had been left out because, this hypothesis had not been validated by protracted empirical testingLevel of EducationThe level of education of the head of the household and that of other members of the family determines the nature of occupation they are involved in, the level of income that they get and the motivations for saving. Also the level of education of the female members of the communit y is likely to have a positive influence on the saving rateSize and Pattern of AssetsFor any economic unit wealth reflects the net result of accumulated saving, revaluation of assgets and capital transfers ever since the unit came into existence. The size and pattern of assets held by the households determine the income enjoyed by the household as also the amount of income saved and the pattern of investment of saving.Time useOpportunities to consume can be severely limit by lack of time. Women, spend many hours a day meeting the households needs and have no time left for education, better health care or community activities. Similarly, overworked labourers may receive an adequate wage. but they often work long hours and are denied the opportunity of regular leave.InformationInformation is the severalize to raising awareness of the range of consumption options procurable and enabling the consumer to decide which choices are best. Without information. there is no way of knowing wh at goods and services are available in the market. and what services are being provided by the state and are. By right, available to all. Advertising and public information campaigns play an important role in this respect.Social barriersIncome cannot always remove barriers to access to opportunities. This is particularly so when considerations of gender, class or ethnicity limit peoples freedom to consume the goods and services they want. For example, people belonging to certain ethnic groups might be denied equal access to education, employment and other basic social services by the state, regardless of how much they earn.The household- decision-making and upbringing very much analysis of consumer decision-making assumes that the person making the decision is the one who will directly benefit from the consumption. This is far from the truth in many cases. A great get across of household consumption decision making is in the hands of one person-often the mother or the father of the family.Although this may lead to good outcomes, it can also be a source of inequity within the family- Household values has a wider effect on the consumption options of individual members. The education and upbringing given to children early in life play a critical part in establishing their ability to make good use of the options available for living a full and fulfilling life. The remarkable expansion and diversification in consumption options have made it more difficult for consumers to make informed choices.Globalization and ConsumptionAs a result of increased purchasing power and opportunity to purchase, a change was manifest in the activity of consumption. The definition of what constitutes a necessity is changing, and the distinctions between luxuries and necessities are blurring. Globalization is integrating not just trade, investment and financial markets it is also integrating consumer markets around the world and opening opportunities. This has two effects i.e. economic and social. Economic integration has accelerated the opening of consumer markets with a constant flow of new products. There is fierce competition to sell to consumers worldwide, with increasingly aggressive advertising. On the social side local and national boundaries are breaking down in the setting of social standards and aspirations in consumption.Technological AdvancementAnother important factor that has changed the rural consumption pattern in recent years is the technological advancement in agriculture which has in turn raised the income of the rural population. The increased income is likely to be used for consuming more of the items which are already in their commodity basket. This may increase their choices of falling on goods with sensational appeal such as sweets, tobacco, drugs and intoxicants and also those goods and services associated with prestige and status.Summary and ConclusionThis study shows that food plays a central part in the culture, traditions . distingu ished events such as weddings, funerals, and religious celebrations are all accompanied by food specifically prepared for the occasion. Consumption of traditional food is largely associated with poverty and consequently, as people move to the city, they change their diet to a typical westernised diet with a high fat content and low carbohydrate intake (Bourne et al., 1996). Our study found that this population associated meat with high socio-economic standing and therefore tried to consume it on daily basis. Our findings are confirmed by those of Wong et al. (1984) who examined a relationship between household income, level and expense and consumption of food in urban marginal areas of Mexico. The authors found a marked tendency to increase consumption of high protein foods as family income increased. It emphasizes the critical importance of taking these factors into consideration in developing strategies for modifying eating practices.

Colin Powell Essay -- essays research papers

Colin Powell is a strong individual that has over come hardships of his own and that of his country. He is a man that was never satisfied with average and facilitate excels in everything he does. Colin Powell is a leader and a role model to African Americans and the rest of the world.On April 5, 1937 a true hero was born by the name Colin Luther Powell. He was born in Harlem, New York 12 years after his mother Maud and father Luther Theophilus Powell immigrated to New York from Jamaica. Colin grew up in New York urban center and proved to be a very intelligent human being. The Powells were a very disciplined and religious family, which proved helpful in many cases. Colin skipped a grade in elementary school while excelling in his grasp for the English language. He proved extremely knowledgeable in many subjects. tally to his older sister Marilyn he excelled at map drawing and French, and he was elected class captain. (Senna 9)In 1953 Colin gradational Morris High School at the yo uthful age of sixteen. He did not have an idea of what he wanted to be all he knew was he wanted to make his parents proud. In the year 1954 Colin took his first step to his brilant future. He enrolled at CCNY (City College of New York). His parents insisted he major in engineering, and he did. He had no desire to further his facts of life but did anyway to make his parents proud. Early in Colins college career he joined the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). On June 9,1958 he graduated from CCNY...