International Maritime Organisation Free Essays

Transportation of goods over the world can be done by four modes which are railway, road, air and sea. Sea transportation is the one of the oldest transportation mode for many centuries. The number of ships and types increased rapidly in the last two centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on International Maritime Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, the number of passenger fleets was 106 in 1972 but it is reached to 226 in 1998 (Alderton, 2004). This growth leads sea traffic busy with various types of ships carrying million tons of cargoes and passengers. As a consequence of this, unexpected accidents started to come out with fatal casualties. Some safety regulations must be taken both onshore or offshore to state the responsibilities and safety measures for the marine industry. Regarding to this, countries needed to establish an organization to promote Marine safety. IMO is the first international maritime organization and was established in 1948 (IMO, 20/10/2005). It was first entered into force in 1958 and its aim is to ensure safety, to prevent human injury or loss of life and to avoid damage to the environment (IMO, 1992). This essay will explore the IMO conventions and the effectiveness of IMO to the marine industry. IMO is concerned with the three important points: safety, prevention and control. In order to be effective in these areas, rules and regulations must be applied within the conventions. IMO has adopted various conventions but most significant are; SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), ISM (International Safety Management), COLREG (Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships), STCW (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) and ILLC (International Convention on Load Lines). Adoptions of these conventions need to follow some procedures and long time to become valid. Six main bodies are involved within IMO to design, decide and offer the conventions and followed by a government acceptance to put into force. In addition to this, due to the rapid changes in shipping industry, conventions must be keeping updated to satisfy the conditi ons. SOLAS: the main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships (SOLAS, 2001). It was adopted in 1974 and was entered into force in 1980. It was divided into 12 chapters, all requirements and certificates are controlled by the flag states. It is highly focused on * construction; stability, subdivision, fire protection and detection of vessels * life-saving appliances and arrangements; lifeboats and liferats * radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony * safety of navigation; radars, navigational aids, routeing of ships * safety management of ships operations which is ISM Code * Carriage of goods. ISM CODE It is known as the one of the most significant IMO invention which is a management system that controls work processes from the top level to lower, to stimulate safety organization both ashore and onboard. It is applied with quality management techniques to determine the responsibilities and principles of each action. System must provide safe working environment, to overcome against identified risks and continuous improvement of management and personal skills ashore and aboard (ISM, 2002). Figure 1.1 The safety management model (Bromby, 1995) As shown in Figure 1.1 management systems have some steps to be reviewed regularly in order to know that the system is working effectively. COLREG: It was adopted in 1972 and entered into force in 1977. COLREG determines vessels speed, risks and conducts of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes. The vessels which are navigating on the high seas or going to connect to the high seas must obey these rules. The other important areas of COLREG are; visibility of vessels, lights and shapes, sound and lights. STCW: It was adopted in 1977 and entered into force in 1984. Examination of the past accidents reports state that the majority of the accidents are caused by watchkeeping officers. This convention is concerned with the basic requirements on training, certification and watchkeeping. It is divided into six chapters which are; general provisions, navigational watch keeping, keeping an engineering watch, radio department, special requirements for tankers and proficiency in survival craft (IMO,20/10/2005). ILLC: It was adopted in 1966 and entered into force in 1968. Its aim is to reserve buoyancy, freeboard stability and avoid excess stress on the ship’s hull (IMO, 20/10/2005). MARPOL: There was a tremendous increase in tanker production after Second World War II. These tankers were really complex to built and operate. According to this, some accidents occurred with thousands tons of oil split into water and damaged marine environment. MARPOL was established to prevent the marine pollution from oil splits, sewages, chemicals and other dangerous products. It introduces some measures, for instance; * Segregated ballast tanks are only used for ballast as cargo oil is prohibited to reduce cleaning problem, tank size limitation to limit potential oil outflow (Kristiansen, 2005). As mentioned before, all conventions aims are to reduce risks in marine industry. How the marine industry was before and how is it now? In order to find out the effectiveness of IMO conventions, comparison must be done between the past data and current data. The lost of ships are illustrated by Figure 1.2 between 1950 and 2000. Figure 1.2 Annual percentage of ships lost worldwide (Kristiansen, 2005). According to the Figure 1.2, it is clear that there is a sharp decrease in loss percentage that the ratio is reduced from 3% to 0.3% in fifty years. This is directly proportional to the growth in the number of safety regulations that have taken place between the years 1800 and 2000. Figure 1.3 will show the number of growth in safety regulations. Figure 1.3 Growth in safety regulations (Alderton, 2004) In addition to these improvements, there is a reasonable reduction of oil spill to the environment. According to the IMO, total oil spill in 2004 was 15000 tons comparison to the year 1975 was 2.13 million tons. On the other hand, Table 1.1 shows the annual casualties of world merchant fleet between the years 1993 and 2002. Table 1.1 (Alderton, 2004) Year 1993-1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 Total Casualties 107 85 73 99 97 Comparison to the 1950’s, by the help of improvements, marine industry becomes safer but needs continuous improvement. Everybody who involves in this industry must always seek for zero defects. As shown in Table 1.1, although IMO has made great effort and reduced the rate of accidents in marine industry, casualties and pollution can still happen and remain constant. The reasons for these are; 1. Implementation of IMO Rules: In order to put the IMO rules into force effectively, all parties such as governments, shipping companies, flag states and port states have to make a reasonable effort. The mentioned parties have different responsibilities according to their positions while adapting and controlling these rules. These parties must have continuous collaboration and communication with each other but generally they can not. Lack of collaboration leads to misunderstandings and difficulties to put these rules into practice. 2. Continuous Revision of Rules and Regulations: The rules and regulations are updated periodically to keep up with the modern conditions. Although some rules have convenient level of safety, changed several times and become more complicated. The more complexity means the more problems. 3. The Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries: Developing countries have an important place in shipping industry. They own a reasonable percentage of world merchant fleet. Comparison to the developed countries, it is difficult to adapt the rules immediately because of their government procedures and financial situations. It is not just the IMO problem; it is one of the biggest problems in our world. Instead of offering temporary solutions such as loans; investments, guidance and assistance will be more effective. 4. Human Side: To manage marine safety, there must be an excellent co-operation between the people who are on board and ashore. Continuous improvement is needed for both management level and crew. Training and certification must be compulsory under the quality procedures. As mentioned before, ISM Code and STCW are established for this purpose but in the last hundred years, owners decided to flag out and wanted to work with low cost crew to get more profits. As a result of this, accidents appeared because of untalented crew. For this particular purpose, maritime training centres are highly important for safety. 5. Application Costs of Regulations: It is not easy to implement the rules and regulations because they need powerful financial situation. In addition to this, the average age of world vessel fleet is going old. Instead of investing money to these old vessels, owners prefer doing small improvements to the existing systems. Low cost high profit concept leads danger in this industry. At this point, new buildings come out and take an important part. Owners are now investing more money on technological improvements under construction phase with the societies control for safer life. Newly designed ships includes easily operated navigation techniques such as AIS, GPS and radars, stability calculations, tank cleaning systems, fire systems and etc. . In conclusion, mentioned conventions within IMO concept reached to a reasonable success in marine industry. On the other hand, continuous improvement by taking advantage of technology, collaboration and communication of involved parties are still needed to achieve zero accident targets and clean seas. How to cite International Maritime Organisation, Essays

Cults And Jews Essay Example For Students

Cults And Jews Essay Cults And JewsCults are becoming more and more of an issue for Jews every day. Many cults are beginning to target Jews. They say you can believe in Jesus yet remain a Jew, or many other things like that. It is important for people to educate themselves of these cults and their recruiting techniques so that they will not be taken advantage of by these cults. Cults now are very different than they were in ancient times though. The Jews, rather than being targeted by cults, were themselves a cult. In fact they were one of the first documented cults. Now, Judaism is not considered a cult, it is a religion. Back in the ancient days many aspects of the Israelites laws made them a cult. The Israelites had sacrifices for many occasions. Sin-offerings, guilt offering, fellowship, votive, freewill, dedicatory, and ordination are all documented reasons for sacrifices to God. These sacrifices are what made the ancient Israelites different from the modern day Jewish people. Those sacrifices are also what made the ancient Israelites a cult instead of being a religion like now. After the destruction of the second temple sacrifice was replaced with prayer and prayer still stands now. Mishna discusses the different sacrifices the Israelites made and the reasons they were made. The rabbis say that sacrifices were not a bad thing. Because the sacrifices were made to God and represented different things between God and the people, the sacrifices were allowed. Sacrifices were made for apologies to God, for holidays and many other purposes, but th ey were always animal sacrifices and they were always to God. These two aspects permitted the offerings. Because they were animal offerings, not human, the offerings were not too gore-filled. And since the offerings were made to God, it is not a person, but an all-powerful being. It makes sense to make offerings to God because God created the people and guided them. Merriam Websters Collegiate dictionary defines cult as: 1 : formal religious veneration : Worship. 2 : a system of religious beliefs and ritual; also : its body of adherents. 3 : a religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious; also : its body of adherents. 4 : a system for the cure of disease based on dogma set forth by its promulgator health cults. 5 a : great devotion to a person, idea, object, movement, or work (as a film or book); especially : such devotion regarded as a literary or intellectual fad b : a usually small group of people characterized by such devotion. Definition 2 states that religious practices like sacrifice define a cult. Some of the modern day descriptions of cults say that they have 1 centralized meeting place, rather than many meeting places. The ancient Israelites tried to keep their practices centralized. Though other centers for sacrifice emerged, efforts were to contain sacrifice in one location. Though we in modern day have left this practice of sacrifice, the orthodox Jews continue to this day to pray for the restoration of sacrifices to God. The reform Jews leave out these prayers, but the orthodox continues them. When it becomes known, the sin that they sinned, the assembly are to bring near a bull, a young of the herd, as a hattat offering. (Leviticus 4:14) Now on the eighth day one is to bring two turtledoves or two young pigeons to the priest, to the entrance of the tent of appointment. The priest is to sacrifice one as hattat/decontamination offering, and one as an offering up. (Numbers 6:10-11) Only: your holy offerings that you have, and your vow offerings, you are to lift up and are to come to that place Yhwh chooses. You are to sacrifice your offerings up, the meat and the blood on the slaughter site of Yhwh your God. (Deuteronomy 12:26-27) These are just 3 examples of many offerings given in the torah. Giving offerings and sacrifices to God was a common religious practice for the Israelites; A religious practice that defined the Israelites as a cult. .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .postImageUrl , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:hover , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:visited , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:active { border:0!important; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:active , .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4 .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cbd2ef3d3e0e4d5d9bea1773b2a37c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unhealthy Accounting at HealthSouth EssayToday, cults are measured by different standards. Following a single leader and his every word. This leader must be a living person, different than a god. Cult standards include cutting off all ties from family and friends, letting the other cult members be the only people in your life, having full devotion to the cult and to the beliefs, just to name a few. Modern responsa deals with the subject of cults based on these new standards. Modern responsa to cults is written about cults as they are now, not as they were in biblical days. Because cults now are so different from the cults of biblical days, they speak little of the Israelit es because what they did was ok. Modern responsa discusses the recruiting techniques of cults, where they recruit, how to avoid joining a cult, and how to tell if its a cult or not. In biblical days cults were not a bad thing. Of course they werent because God chose the Israelites, and they were a cult. Now though, cults are bad things which people are told to avoid joining. Many people have joined cults and gotten out of them so lots of modern responsa uses their stories in telling how to avoid joining cults. Cults use recruiting techniques like getting a person to come to one meeting, then another, then slowly the person loses ties with their friends, their family, and their normal life. They try to convince a person that not only is the cult harmless, but it is a good thing. Once in the cult, the person has a complete devotion to the system of beliefs and to the leader as well. By these standards the Jewish religion is not a cult. Jews do not cut off ties with friends and family. For most their family, is Jewish too. There is not a living being in which all belief and trust is invested. Jews no longer sacrifice, which was the only aspect that made them a cult in biblical days, and there are no longer any odd practices in the Jewish religion.

America Of mice and men essays

America Of mice and men essays The American Dream now day's is living in a huge mansion on an island with all the luxurious things you could ask for. During the Depression the American Dream was to have a small house and be able to grow crops to be able to have your own business. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses George and Lennies version of the American Dream to represent the low standards of the Depression. George and Lennie fought hard to try and accomplish their dream. ` Someday-were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs and live off the fatta the lan. ` They were always thinking of how they could get the land and the little house they always wanted. Steinbeck has George and Lennie always talk about their dream to make it to where the reader knows that, they have always wanted to fulfill this dream of theirs and that it could happen for them. There were many characters throughout the book who did not believe in George and Lennies dream. Many of them thought that they could never do it. The American Dream was set at a low standard during the Depression. Many people were jumping from job to job or just trying to find a job. ` There wouldnt be no more runnin around the country and getting fed by a Jap cook. `(57) The American Dream was set at such a low standard mostly because of the income that people were making, some peoples dreams were to just find a house and some land to be able to live off of while others dreams were to just get a job to be able to survive. ` They come an they quit an go on, an every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. ` (74) Some people did survive and did make there dream come true but than there were some that didnt. ...

Great Expectations3 essays

Great Expectations3 essays Of the major themes from Charles Dickens novel "Great Expectations" to be discussed as to their importance concerning its structure, I have selected "Love" in the context of human relationships, "Isolation" and finally "Redemption". The loneliness isolation brings can only be redeemed by the loving associate of our fellow man, this is a two way thing. "Had grown diseased, as all minds do and must and will that reverse the appointed order of their maker." In isolation the greatest sin we commit against ourselves and others, is to shun human companionship as Miss Haversham did. After her betrayal in love she hardened her heart towards her fellow man. By hardening her heart and suppressing her naturally affectionate nature, she committed a crime against herself. Miss Havershams love for Compeyson is of a compassionate kind, this blinded her to his true nature, as Herbert remarked, "too haughty and too much in love to be advised by anyone." At Compeysons desertion her anger and sorrow became extreme and she threw herself and Satis House into perpetual mourning and a monument to her broken heart, shutting the world out and herself from the world. Her only concession is in her adoption of Estella. Miss Haversham has ulterior motives in adopting Estella, this is not a loving action on her part, but a calculated manoeuvre to turn the child into a haughty, heartless instrument of revenge against men. Estella is encouraged to practice her disdain on Pip and to break his heart. Paradoxically, Miss Havershams greatest sin, is against herself. By hardening her heart she loses her generous, affectionate nature and becomes withered inside emotionally. Her punishment is that the heartless young woman she has made, uses her lack of feelings against Miss Haversham. Estella herself is isolated, as for most of the novel she takes pleasure in her role of avenge ...

Networking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Networking - Term Paper Example Sometimes, single-mode fibers are set up in premise mainstay cables or may be set up as "dark" fiber in expectation of future requirements. c) Frame - The measurement of 328 feet has to do totally with collision identification of a Carrier Sense Multi Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) network. Essentially, the length is restricted by the fact that the shortest conceivable frame size (64 bytes) can be directed out on the wire and if a collision happens, the sending node will still be transferring that frame when it detects the collision because of a jam signal or advanced than ordinary amplitude. There is a stipulation that when a collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes of a frame, this is a regular collision. And if something is out of specification such as the electric wiring is too long and the collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes, this is a late collision and will not be resent until a higher layer of the OSI model identify that the packet did not succeed to its terminus. One can run lengthier electric wiring and the network will still be operational, however there will be problems . ARP denotes Address Resolution Protocol. It is employed in association with a layer 2 (Data Link layer) address (MAC address) and a layer 3 (Network layer) address (such as an IP address). When the destination IP address is known, a default gateway and the subnet mask is fixed. As a result, your personal computer can work out for itself that the packet is not intended for the local network. As a substitute, your computer will employ the of the default gateway of the MAC address. When the default gateway (router) obtains the frame it will counter check that the MAC address is similar to its own, so the frame must be a match for it. The network hub will  un-encapsulate the data connection frame and forward the data fragment to the  network layer (Tildefrugal, 2015). Here at the network layer, the

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a Term Paper

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a utilitarian comparison - Term Paper Example Portrayals of scientific fact in the mainstream media are, to most scientists, for the most part inaccurate descriptions of legitimate research methods.One aspect of scientific research that the media commonly misrepresents is that related to genetic research. For instance, a study may be published associating on average a specific gene with a certain quantifiable behavior. The media, upon receiving word of this research, will change the wording of the story in order to sensationalize and sell the story as newsworthy, often relying on words like â€Å"cause†. Over time, the public has started to perceive â€Å"genes† as the causal determinants of our actions, our lives, and our decisions. This view, called â€Å"genetic determinism†, lies at the root of many fears about the specter of â€Å"genetic discrimination†, which many believe is on the horizon for developed countries where genome maps are becoming increasingly cheap. Nevertheless, it is not clear w hether genetic discrimination will grow to become the problem many are forecasting. From an ethical perspective, the problem of genetic discrimination may not lie solely in the act of discriminating against an individual based on his or her genome; rather, the problem may lie in people’s fears about a genetic bias, which may cause some not to seek a diagnosis. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the moral content of an act (or rule) consists solely of the degree to which it maximizes happiness (or utility) in the greatest number of people. In other words, the good toward which all of our actions ought to pursue, under the utilitarian theory, is happiness, pleasure, or preference-satisfaction. Accordingly, if by ending the life of one person we save the life of twenty persons, then that act is not only allowable but also preferred under the utilitarian theory. Utilitarianism does have intuitive appeal insofar as any living being will seek to maximize its pleasure and min imize its pain. This moral theory acknowledges this fact and places happiness as the good toward which we evaluate all actions as either moral or immoral. The Utilitarian Argument against Discrimination Under a utilitarian framework, the argument against discrimination in any context follows from the assumption that society will be better off, or enriched, by the contributions of as many people as possible. Thus, if people were to be discriminated against in some fashion, their contributions to society (and ideas on how to make society better) would be lost without an audience. Therefore, as the argument goes, it is wrong to discriminate against people without looking at their character or actions. Utilitarians believe that policies like affirmative action, which are aimed at producing an equal society, are good in that they produce the most happiness for the highest number of people, primarily for the reason given above. However, if this equality lowered the overall good of society , utilitarians would immediately change their mind with respect to the equality-building measures. Likewise, in the case of genetic discrimination, utilitarians usually adopt legislation and other measures to counter the effects of discriminatory practices; nevertheless, if it were to be proven that equality-building attempts (such as banning mandatory genetic testing for new employees) hurt society, utilitarians would be obligated to change their opinions with respect to that situation. The Nature of Genetic Discrimination Genetic discrimination relates to making decisions because of genetic information when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other term or condition of employment (EEOC, 2010). Employers cannot utilize genetic informati

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication in Economics - Essay Example It is quite apparent that currencies and stock markets in emerging economies particularly in countries such as South Africa, India, Turkey and Indonesia among others got affected as several investors are starting to pull back their funds from the emerging economies due to financial fluctuations. According to the report, the US Federal Reserve has scaled back nearly US$85 billion from the developing nations during the period of August’ 2013 (Catan, Anand and Murphy, â€Å"In Turmoil, Emerging Markets Raise Rates†). It can be apparently observed in this recent times that India’s Rupee, Brazil’s Real, Turkey’s Lira and Indonesia’s Rupiah have fallen considerably against US Dollar. In this regard, the investors are presently hastening to purchase dollar because of the expectation that the US will start to cut the monetary stimulus. Due to this reason, emerging markets or economies are increasing the interest rates with the intention that this might assist in stanching the massive outflow of funds through making the assets of the developing nations more attractive especially for the investors (Akhtar, â€Å"Pressure Building on Emerging Markets†). Catan, Thomas, Shefali Anand and Tom Murphy. In Turmoil, Emerging Markets Raise Rates. The Wall Street Journal, 2013. Web. 01 Sep. 2013