America Of mice and men essays

America Of mice and men essays The American Dream now day's is living in a huge mansion on an island with all the luxurious things you could ask for. During the Depression the American Dream was to have a small house and be able to grow crops to be able to have your own business. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses George and Lennies version of the American Dream to represent the low standards of the Depression. George and Lennie fought hard to try and accomplish their dream. ` Someday-were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs and live off the fatta the lan. ` They were always thinking of how they could get the land and the little house they always wanted. Steinbeck has George and Lennie always talk about their dream to make it to where the reader knows that, they have always wanted to fulfill this dream of theirs and that it could happen for them. There were many characters throughout the book who did not believe in George and Lennies dream. Many of them thought that they could never do it. The American Dream was set at a low standard during the Depression. Many people were jumping from job to job or just trying to find a job. ` There wouldnt be no more runnin around the country and getting fed by a Jap cook. `(57) The American Dream was set at such a low standard mostly because of the income that people were making, some peoples dreams were to just find a house and some land to be able to live off of while others dreams were to just get a job to be able to survive. ` They come an they quit an go on, an every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. ` (74) Some people did survive and did make there dream come true but than there were some that didnt. ...

Great Expectations3 essays

Great Expectations3 essays Of the major themes from Charles Dickens novel "Great Expectations" to be discussed as to their importance concerning its structure, I have selected "Love" in the context of human relationships, "Isolation" and finally "Redemption". The loneliness isolation brings can only be redeemed by the loving associate of our fellow man, this is a two way thing. "Had grown diseased, as all minds do and must and will that reverse the appointed order of their maker." In isolation the greatest sin we commit against ourselves and others, is to shun human companionship as Miss Haversham did. After her betrayal in love she hardened her heart towards her fellow man. By hardening her heart and suppressing her naturally affectionate nature, she committed a crime against herself. Miss Havershams love for Compeyson is of a compassionate kind, this blinded her to his true nature, as Herbert remarked, "too haughty and too much in love to be advised by anyone." At Compeysons desertion her anger and sorrow became extreme and she threw herself and Satis House into perpetual mourning and a monument to her broken heart, shutting the world out and herself from the world. Her only concession is in her adoption of Estella. Miss Haversham has ulterior motives in adopting Estella, this is not a loving action on her part, but a calculated manoeuvre to turn the child into a haughty, heartless instrument of revenge against men. Estella is encouraged to practice her disdain on Pip and to break his heart. Paradoxically, Miss Havershams greatest sin, is against herself. By hardening her heart she loses her generous, affectionate nature and becomes withered inside emotionally. Her punishment is that the heartless young woman she has made, uses her lack of feelings against Miss Haversham. Estella herself is isolated, as for most of the novel she takes pleasure in her role of avenge ...

Networking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Networking - Term Paper Example Sometimes, single-mode fibers are set up in premise mainstay cables or may be set up as "dark" fiber in expectation of future requirements. c) Frame - The measurement of 328 feet has to do totally with collision identification of a Carrier Sense Multi Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) network. Essentially, the length is restricted by the fact that the shortest conceivable frame size (64 bytes) can be directed out on the wire and if a collision happens, the sending node will still be transferring that frame when it detects the collision because of a jam signal or advanced than ordinary amplitude. There is a stipulation that when a collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes of a frame, this is a regular collision. And if something is out of specification such as the electric wiring is too long and the collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes, this is a late collision and will not be resent until a higher layer of the OSI model identify that the packet did not succeed to its terminus. One can run lengthier electric wiring and the network will still be operational, however there will be problems . ARP denotes Address Resolution Protocol. It is employed in association with a layer 2 (Data Link layer) address (MAC address) and a layer 3 (Network layer) address (such as an IP address). When the destination IP address is known, a default gateway and the subnet mask is fixed. As a result, your personal computer can work out for itself that the packet is not intended for the local network. As a substitute, your computer will employ the of the default gateway of the MAC address. When the default gateway (router) obtains the frame it will counter check that the MAC address is similar to its own, so the frame must be a match for it. The network hub will  un-encapsulate the data connection frame and forward the data fragment to the  network layer (Tildefrugal, 2015). Here at the network layer, the

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a Term Paper

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a utilitarian comparison - Term Paper Example Portrayals of scientific fact in the mainstream media are, to most scientists, for the most part inaccurate descriptions of legitimate research methods.One aspect of scientific research that the media commonly misrepresents is that related to genetic research. For instance, a study may be published associating on average a specific gene with a certain quantifiable behavior. The media, upon receiving word of this research, will change the wording of the story in order to sensationalize and sell the story as newsworthy, often relying on words like â€Å"cause†. Over time, the public has started to perceive â€Å"genes† as the causal determinants of our actions, our lives, and our decisions. This view, called â€Å"genetic determinism†, lies at the root of many fears about the specter of â€Å"genetic discrimination†, which many believe is on the horizon for developed countries where genome maps are becoming increasingly cheap. Nevertheless, it is not clear w hether genetic discrimination will grow to become the problem many are forecasting. From an ethical perspective, the problem of genetic discrimination may not lie solely in the act of discriminating against an individual based on his or her genome; rather, the problem may lie in people’s fears about a genetic bias, which may cause some not to seek a diagnosis. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the moral content of an act (or rule) consists solely of the degree to which it maximizes happiness (or utility) in the greatest number of people. In other words, the good toward which all of our actions ought to pursue, under the utilitarian theory, is happiness, pleasure, or preference-satisfaction. Accordingly, if by ending the life of one person we save the life of twenty persons, then that act is not only allowable but also preferred under the utilitarian theory. Utilitarianism does have intuitive appeal insofar as any living being will seek to maximize its pleasure and min imize its pain. This moral theory acknowledges this fact and places happiness as the good toward which we evaluate all actions as either moral or immoral. The Utilitarian Argument against Discrimination Under a utilitarian framework, the argument against discrimination in any context follows from the assumption that society will be better off, or enriched, by the contributions of as many people as possible. Thus, if people were to be discriminated against in some fashion, their contributions to society (and ideas on how to make society better) would be lost without an audience. Therefore, as the argument goes, it is wrong to discriminate against people without looking at their character or actions. Utilitarians believe that policies like affirmative action, which are aimed at producing an equal society, are good in that they produce the most happiness for the highest number of people, primarily for the reason given above. However, if this equality lowered the overall good of society , utilitarians would immediately change their mind with respect to the equality-building measures. Likewise, in the case of genetic discrimination, utilitarians usually adopt legislation and other measures to counter the effects of discriminatory practices; nevertheless, if it were to be proven that equality-building attempts (such as banning mandatory genetic testing for new employees) hurt society, utilitarians would be obligated to change their opinions with respect to that situation. The Nature of Genetic Discrimination Genetic discrimination relates to making decisions because of genetic information when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other term or condition of employment (EEOC, 2010). Employers cannot utilize genetic informati

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication in Economics - Essay Example It is quite apparent that currencies and stock markets in emerging economies particularly in countries such as South Africa, India, Turkey and Indonesia among others got affected as several investors are starting to pull back their funds from the emerging economies due to financial fluctuations. According to the report, the US Federal Reserve has scaled back nearly US$85 billion from the developing nations during the period of August’ 2013 (Catan, Anand and Murphy, â€Å"In Turmoil, Emerging Markets Raise Rates†). It can be apparently observed in this recent times that India’s Rupee, Brazil’s Real, Turkey’s Lira and Indonesia’s Rupiah have fallen considerably against US Dollar. In this regard, the investors are presently hastening to purchase dollar because of the expectation that the US will start to cut the monetary stimulus. Due to this reason, emerging markets or economies are increasing the interest rates with the intention that this might assist in stanching the massive outflow of funds through making the assets of the developing nations more attractive especially for the investors (Akhtar, â€Å"Pressure Building on Emerging Markets†). Catan, Thomas, Shefali Anand and Tom Murphy. In Turmoil, Emerging Markets Raise Rates. The Wall Street Journal, 2013. Web. 01 Sep. 2013

Protein Determination Lab Report

Protein Determination Lab Report Introduction Within protein biochemistry, analytical procedures and experiments have been designed to determine accurate measures of the protein concentration in a sample. A variety of protein assays are being and have been developed to be used in laboratories to examine a solution and to quantify protein from a biological specimen. For certain concentrations, protein assays such as the Bradford and the Lowry method will have advantages and disadvantages, for instance a higher cost but the results have a greater accuracy and are produced expeditiously (Becker, Caldwell and Zachgo, 2011). Protein assays are essential to determine if proteinuria is a result of glomerular or tubular manifestation, indicating serious health complications. The protein albumin is the most abundant in urine compared to that of other proteins, and therefore is the standard most common protein measured (Vogel, 2008). For decades, protein quantification has been an important laboratory technique that extracts, purifies, characterises and analyses protein concentrations throughout human biology, from enzymatic activity to clinical testing of urine samples. In many parts of the world, such as Australasia in New Zealand, routine checks are available to measure albumin levels in the urine to aid in the diagnosis of renal disease (Martin, 2011). Diagnosing disease through protein quantification is a long-lasting technique, ancient experts would try to identify albumin in the urine through a technique known as the foam-test, which is similarly still carried out today to detect glomerular disease. For this reason, protein quantification is a crucial diagnostic tool in early detection of disease, classification of disease and assessment of prognosis (Pisitkun, Johnstone and Knepper, 2006). Blood plasma is comprised of a combination of proteins to aid in various factors including the maintenance of blood plasma volume and/or a protein transporter. Of the blood plasma, albumin makes up 60% of plasma protein, and is the most copious protein to be measured in the plasma (Higgins, 2005). In healthy patients, the albumin concentration in the urine should be exceptionally low, between 20ug/ml and 30ug/ml are considered a normal level. However, any reading above 30ug/ml could be an indication that the person could have microalbuminuria or macro-albuminuria which increases the risk of a range of health conditions (Hasanato, 2016). To determine abnormal concentrations of albumin in the urine requires an accurate screening process, this is an essential diagnostic tool for the early detection of progressive kidney disease and a cardiovascular risk marker. The initial assessment uses proteinuria uranalysis on patients showing symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). For instance, a clear indication that a patient with diabetes mellitus could develop Diabetic nephropathy is through an increase in the albumin in the urine. Non-diabetic patients that develop a protein concentration in the micro-albuminuria region of above 30ug/ml are still at risk of CKD progression and higher CVD mortality risk. (Carter et al., 2006) Proteinuria can affect people with or without diabetes, male or female but can progressively worsen with age. (Fraser et al., 2017) Several sources, including the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study, found a correlation between abnormal albumin levels detected in a dipstick test and Cardiovascul ar diseases such as hypertension and strokes. A recent study found that from 48,000 participants, the presence of microalbuminuria was shown to increase stroke risk by up to 90% than that of normoalbuminuric individuals (Delles and Currie, 2013). For the protein determination laboratory experiment, the aim of the albumin assay was to determine the absorbance value of the 5 patient urine samples with the high and normal controls. To achieve the aim, three objectives were implemented; the first step was to create an accurate curve of albumin which aided in the second and third objective; to determine the quantity of proteinuria in each sample, followed by a diagnosis of the patients from the urine samples. Methodology Using the Bradford Assay procedure, 8 standards are generated with the protein concentration from 0ul in standard 0, 25ul, 50ul, 75ul, 100ul, 250ul, 500ul and 1000ul in standard 7, Adding water to labelled microtubules with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) 1mg/ml (1ug/ul). Duplicates of 100ul of each solution are then added to test tubes with 5ml of Bradford regent and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes before being recorded at 595nm in the spectrometer. These values are recorded into excel, a calibration graph is formed through calculating the average, producing the R2 value. The calibration graph calculates the M value in y=mx; this is used to determine the protein concentrations of each sample. After the duplicated samples have been left for 10 minutes containing 100ul of each patients sample and 5ml of Bradford regent, these samples are read at 595nm in the spectrometer giving the Y absorbance values through light absorbance. In excel, 6 anomalies were removed from each data set before being analysed, averaged and the standard deviation being calculated. Using the average and x=m/y equation, a clustered column bar chart was formed showing the quantification of albumin protein concentration showing the +/- standard deviation. Results The protein albumin in the urine is an essential marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases. Urine tests, which contain high levels of albumin are usually the first steps in determining illness and disease. Certain symptoms that a patient shows can be a clear indication that albumin levels are high. Testing of these albumin levels can then significantly help determine illness. It is paramount for this reason to quantify albumin protein concentrations in samples to aid in the prevention of morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. In this study, five patient samples were tested for albumin against a high controlled and normal controlled sample to show the importance of albumin in urine. Upon the results, shown in figure 1 and 2 a diagnosis could be made for the individuals. To critically analyse the calibration graph in figure 1, the R2 trend line label must have a value of >0.95 to indicate a good fit and a linear line for the data, the R2 label has a value of 0.99031 which follows this trend. It can be seen from the calibration graph has a linear relationship; as the concentration of albumin doubles, the absorbance @ 595nm also doubles. In figure 2, the normal controlled and high controlled sample give a clear indication of how healthy the albumin concentrations are that are found in each patient sample. Although the high controlled sample has an albumin concentration of over 300ug/ml representing macro-albuminuria, patient 1 and patient 4 have similar abnormal protein levels in the serum showing microalbuminuria. Furthermore, patient 2 and patient 5 are also classed as having microalbuminuria as the concentrations are over 30ug/ml, however the levels are not extreme, and are not an indication of chronic kidney disease. Patient 3 has a similar concentration to the normal controlled sample; the patients kidneys have virtually no protein and are classed as healthy. Discussion In a healthy urine sample, normal protein albumin concentrations are between 20ug/ml and 30ug/ml, this can be seen in Figure 2 with the Normal control having a value around 30 and for patient 3. However, protein levels from 30ug/ml to 300ug/ml are considered microalbuminuria; patient 1, 2, 4 and 5. The High Control Protein has a value in the 340 regions, this is known as macro albuminuria (Hasanato, 2016). Patient 1 35-year-old female. Albumin protein concentration is approximately 210ug/ml, abnormal level of protein is extremely higher than the normal range and can indicate preeclampsia. Women who experience preeclampsia during their pregnancy are more likely to experience complication than those with normal levels of protein, headaches are a clear indicator that the lady is showing signs of preeclampsia (Hawkins et al., 2015). It is essential that her blood pressure is monitored to prevent hypertension and sent for various blood tests to observe her kidney and liver function (NHS 2). Patient 2 50-year-old male. Albumin protein concentration is around 80ug/ml which is classed as microalbuminuria. Body mass index, waist circumference and high levels of protein in urine are linked with the formation of kidney stones (Garimella et al., 2015). The symptoms that patient 2 is experiencing suggest that he is suffering from a large kidney stone. Highly recommended that he is sent for blood and urine tests to check for infection (NHS 1). Patient 3 40-year-old female. Albumin Protein concentration is roughly 25ug/ml which indicates very little protein in her urine, concentration classed as normal as similar value to the Normal Control protein. Patient 4 23-year-old female. Albumin Protein concentration is in the region of 275ug/ml, classed as very high and could indicate albuminuria. Early diagnosis could prevent the patient from experiencing hypertension, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (Yadav et al., 2016). The symptoms that the patient is experiencing could indicate a Urinary Tract Infection, there is a strong correlation in many studies that demonstrations how a UTI can impact the glomerular involvement increasing the levels of albumin in the urine (Gonzà ¡lez Rodrà ­guez et al., 2009). Patient 5 70-year-old. Albumin protein concentration boarding 60ug/ml which isnt significantly higher the normal range but still classed as micro-albuminuria. Patient showing signs of still recovering from influenza, immune system is weakened due to age and can take longer to recover. Renal function decline can occur with age and within the elderly generation, which could indicate the abnormal levels of albumin in his urine (Funk et al., 2016). Should be monitored regularly, a review of his medication that may cause a decline in his renal function and put on antibiotics if symptoms of flu continue. References Becker, J., Caldwell, G. and Zachgo, E. (2011). Biotechnology. 1st ed. San Diego: Academic Press, p.119. Carter, J., Tomson, C., Stevens, P. and Lamb, E. (2006). Does urinary tract infection cause proteinuria or microalbuminuria? A systematic review. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21(11), pp.3031-3037. Available: https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ndt/gfl373. Last accessed: 12th March 2017. Delles, C. and Currie, G. (2013). Proteinuria and its relation to cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, p.13. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Delles%2C+C.+and+Currie%2C+G.+(2013). Last Accessed: 14th March 2017. Fraser, S., Roderick, P., McIntyre, N., Harris, S., McIntyre, C., Fluck, R. and Taal, M. (2017). Assessment of Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: Albuminuria and Non-Albumin Proteinuria. Available: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098261. Last accessed: 12th March 2017. Funk, I., Seibert, E., Markau, S. and Girndt, M. (2016). Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Individuals Above 80 Years. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 41(6), pp.947-955. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Funk%2C+I.%2C+Seibert%2C+E.%2C+Markau%2C+S.+and+Girndt%2C+M.+(2016). Last accessed: 12th March 2017. Garimella, P., Biggs, M., Katz, R., Ix, J., Bennett, M., Devarajan, P., Kestenbaum, B., Siscovick, D., Jensen, M., Shlipak, M., Chaves, P. and Sarnak, M. (2015). Urinary uromodulin, kidney function, and cardiovascular disease in elderly adults. Kidney International, 88(5), pp.1126-1134. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154925. Last accessed: 15th March 2017. Gonzà ¡lez Rodrà ­guez, J., Canalejo, D., Martà ­n Govante, J., Garcà ­a de Guadiana, L., Rex, C., Gonzà ¡lez Morales, M. and Cayuela, A. (2009). Proteinuria in urinary infection and acute originals pyelonephritis in paediatric patients: can it replace scintigraphic studies in diagnostic localisation? Nefrologà ­a, 29(2), pp.163-169. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+J.%2C+Canalejo%2C+D.%2C+Mart%C3%ADn+Govante%2C+J.%2C+Garc%C3%ADa+de+Guadiana%2C+L.%2C+Rex%2C+C.%2C+Gonz%C3%A1lez+Morales%2C+M.+and+Cayuela%2C+A.+(2009). Last accessed: 13th March 2017. Hasanato, R. (2016). Diagnostic efficacy of random albumin creatinine ratio for detection of micro and macro-albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal, 37(3), pp.268-273. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26905348. Last accessed: 15th March 2017. Hawkins, M., Braun, B., Marcus, B., Stanek, E., Markenson, G. and Chasan-Taber, L. (2015). The impact of an exercise intervention on C reactive protein during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1). Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104503. Last accessed: 12th March 2017. Higgins, C. (2005). Understanding laboratory investigations. 1st ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, p.159. Martin, H. (2011). Laboratory Measurement of Urine Albumin and Urine Total Protein in Screening for Proteinuria in Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin Biochem Rev., 32(2), pp.97-102. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Martin%2C+H.+(2011).+Laboratory+Measurement+of+Urine+Albumin+and+Urine+Total+Protein+in+Screening+for+Proteinuria+in+Chronic+Kidney+Disease. Last accessed: 13th March 2017. NHS 1. (). Diagnosing Kidney Stones. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Kidney-stones/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx. Last accessed 12th March 2017. NHS 2. Pre -eclampsia Treatment. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pre-eclampsia/Pages/Treatment.aspx. Last accessed 15/03/2017. Oda, E. (2014). Overweight and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein are weakly associated with kidney stone formation in Japanese men. International Journal of Urology, 21(10), pp.1005-1011. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Oda%2C+E.+(2014).+Overweight+and+high-sensitivity+C-reactive+protein+are+weakly+associated+with+kidney+stone+formation+in+Japanese+men.+International+Journal+of+Urology%2C. Last accessed: 14th March 2017. Pisitkun, T., Johnstone, R. and Knepper, M. (2006). Discovery of Urinary Biomarkers. Molecular Cellular Proteomics, 5(10), pp.1760-1771. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pisitkun%2C+T.%2C+Johnstone%2C+R.+and+Knepper%2C+M.+(2006).+Discovery+of+Urinary+Biomarkers.+Molecular+%26+Cellular+Proteomics. Last accessed: 12th March 2017. Yadav, D., Kang, D., Koh, S., Kim, J. and Ahn, S. (2016). Association between Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio within the Normal Range and Incident Hypertension in Men and Women. Yonsei Medical Journal, 57(6), p.1454. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27593874. Last accessed: 15th March 2017. Vogel, H. (2008). Drug Discovery and Evaluation. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p.476.

Saving Lancaster :: essays papers

Saving Lancaster There are problems facing people everyday, some worse than others, but none anymore pleasant. We see problems ranging from the environment to crime, gangs, diseases, wars and so many more. William Finnegan saw a major problem arising for the residents of Lancaster, California where he went to find out why two skin head gangs are so prevalent in the area. Parents working low wage jobs for long hours far from home made absent parents a huge problem as well as lack of education greatly due to poor funding. Finding the causes of large social problems helps to discover solutions and get people thinking about problems instead of just accepting them. A solution that would have a large impact on the city would be to use cooperate welfare to bring big business to the area, because it will help create local jobs, a circulation of money, and more money for better educational facilities and teachers. Many people would agree that Cooperate welfare is a problem in it self and are strongly against it. However, it is very common and does serve positive purposes. Cooperate welfare gives tax breaks and other incentives to encourage big businesses to come to a certain area. If the Antelope Valley could get businesses into the over populated city they would be able to provide local jobs for many families. This is important, because many of the parents in the valley are just making enough to get by. Both parents are usually forced to work and a major percentage of these families are single parent households with one income. They end up working long hours at low wages and for that reason are unable to be home for their children. The children begin going elsewhere to look for a place of company after school. Education starts in the home, so already they are losing out on half of the valuable education they need. Funding for schools comes from the government and it's obvious that richer areas have better schools. Cooperate welfare would bring more money to the area which would provide better funding for schools. Once a better educational system is established the schools can work on programs teaching kids about ignorance and racism at an early age. Also, providing sport teams, music classes, and other activities for children to get involved in would help keep more kids in school. Teen boredom seemed to be another major factor driving teens to the gang life. Getting businesses like dance clubs for minors, boys and girls clubs, movie theaters, shopping